Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions

Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis in Clinical Practice

Avian Borna virus (ABV) has been shown to be a causative agent of Proventricular Dilatation Disease in birds. The avian Bornaviradae represent a genetically diverse group of viruses that are widely distributed in captive and wild populations around the world. They are widely distributed in tissues of affected birds and generally produce a non-suppurative ganglioneuritis in the gastro-intestinal...

Sexual Dimorphism in Mammals: Avian Models and Unanswered Questions

The degree of sexual dimorphism found in mammals ranges from species in which females are larger than males (Rails 1976a) to those in which males are much larger than females and possess striking secondary sexual characteristics which females lack. Although some work has been done on mammals, principally pinnipeds (Bartholomew 1970; Stirling 1975) and primates (Crook 1972), current theories as ...

E-Learning: some unanswered questions

Yoga: Some Unanswered Questions

Grover et al (1994) have provided an excellent and thought provoking analysis of the usefulness of yoga in treating neurotic disorders. Some questions however remain. One criticism of psychotherapy is that the criteria for the selection of suitable candidates usually identify patients with good prognostic features-patients who may improve even without any therapeutic intervention. Another criti...

Pregnancy- Some Unanswered Questions

The definition of pregnancy as the state of a female in the time interval between fertilization of her ova and the expulsion of the foetuses at term, lays focus on the maternal organism and casual thinking tends to emphasize maternal physiology and welfare. In part, this is due to the fact that the maternal organism is reasonably accessible for day to day observations and measurements which do ...